草莓视频

---

This study addresses two related policy questions. The first is specific to the 4Ps evaluation context, asking whether financial incentives influence literacy and numeracy assessment outcomes among low-income households in the Philippines and what this implies for the interpretation of cognitive assessment outcomes in impact evaluations of social protection programs. The second is broader, asking under what conditions financial incentives improve the validity of cognitive assessments administered in low-stakes settings and what this means for the design of assessments used in education monitoring, social protection evaluation, and other contexts where respondents have limited personal stake in their performance.